Publications

Older Children's Sitting Postures, Behaviour and Comfort Experience during Ride - A Comparison between an Integrated Booster Cushion and a High-Back Booster

Sitting postures and comfort experience were analysed from six children aged 7-9 (131-145 cm) seated on an Integrated Booster Cushion (IBC) and a high-back Booster (hbB) during 1 hour on-road drives respectively. Data was collected from video recordings

Passenger Kinematics and Muscle Responses in Autonomous Braking Events with Standard and Reversible Pre-tensioned Restraints

Biofidelic human body models (HBMs) with active muscles are valuable tools for assessing the safety potential of systems that are active immediately before and during a crash. For validation, experimental data including muscle activity are required. This

Pedestrian Shoulder and Spine Kinematics and their Influence on Head Kinematics

Pedestrian to vehicle crashes still represent a major health issue worldwide. In order to prevent fatalities and injuries during the in-crash phase of a pedestrian accident, a sound understanding of pedestrian in-crash kinematics is required and Human Body

Proposal for a Frontal Impact and Compatibility Assessment Approach Based on the European FIMCAR Project

Objective: To improve vehicle safety in frontal collisions, the crash compatibility between the colliding vehicles is crucial. Compatibility aims to improve both the self and partner protection properties of vehicles. Although compatibility has received

Rear Seat Child Safety in Near-Side Impacts: A Modeling Study of Common Sitting Positions

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate and propose improvements to the injury mitigation systems, in near-side impacts, for 6 common sitting positions of young adolescents using a previously validated model. Methods: The evaluation was made

Relative kinematics of the shoulder belt and the torso: Comparison of the Q10 ATD and pediatric human volunteers

Previous studies have raised concerns about the biofidelityof the shoulder belt-torso interaction of the Q10 ATD in frontal impacts in that the belt appears to move close to the neck and offload the chest deflection sensors. This study used the only known

Review of Child Car Occupant Fatalities in Sweden During Six Decades

The development of fatal outcome was reviewed based on crash data including all fatally injured 0–14 year old car occupants in Sweden during 1956–2011 and put in relation to general improvements in vehicle and road safety and implementation of restraint

Seat Optimisation Considering Reduction of Neck Injuries for Female and Male Occupants - Applications of the EvaRID Model and a Loading Device Representing a 50th Percentile Female

Neck injury due to low severity vehicle crashes is of worldwide concern and the injury risk is greater for females than males. However, whiplash protection systems have shown to be more beneficial for males than females. Hence there is a need for improved

Sensitivity of a Finite Element Head Model to Error in Head Acceleration Profiles as Measured by a Helmet Based Accelerometer System for Ice Hockey

Introduction: Global head kinematics with known injury outcomes can be input into finite element (FE) models of the head and brain to determine brain injury metrics associated with those outcomes. Helmet‐based accelerometer systems such as the Head Impact

Set of injury risk curves for different sizes and ages

When new crash test dummy hardware becomes available it is important to establish how the measurements taken with that tool relate to a risk of injury. THORAX is a collaborative medium-scale project under the EC Seventh Framework. It focuses on the

Simulation of Active Skeletal Muscle Tissue with a Transversely Isotropic Viscohyperelastic Continuum Material Model

Human body models with biofidelic kinematics in vehicle pre-crash and crash simulations require a constitutive model of muscle tissue with both passive and active properties. Therefore, a transversely isotropic viscohyperelastic continuum material model

THORAX final report

Road safety is a major societal issue. In 2009, more than 35,000 people died on the roads of the European Union, i.e. the equivalent of a medium town, and no fewer than 1,500,000 persons were injured. The cost for society is huge, representing

Volunteer Shoulder Range of Motion and Stiffness: Data for Evaluation of Crash Test Dummies and Human Body Models

The shoulder complex has low priority in the development of frontal impact crash test dummies and Human Body Models. It is rarely exposed to injuries in frontal collisions but it does influence belt interaction and, as such, the thorax compression and head

Active Child Models for Traffic Safety Research Interim Report 2, October 2013

The project Active Child Models for Traffic Safety Research is funded by Folksams Forskningsstiftelse. The overall project aim is to increase the safety of child car occupants and thereby reduce the number of traffic induced injuries in 3 to 12 year-old

Energy absorption and damage mechanisms in progressive crushing of corrugated NCF laminates: Fractographic analysis

To develop reliable and physically based models for the crash behaviour of composite laminates, a thorough understanding of the failure mechanisms is crucial. Compression tests of corrugated Non-Crimp Fabric (NCF) laminates, made of carbon fibre

A fully coupled multiscale shell formulation for the modelling of fibre reinforced laminates

In this contribution, we discuss the potential of using a fully coupled multiscale method based on computational homogenisation for simulating the mechanical response of fibre reinforced thin-walled laminates based on shell theory. Emphasis is placed on

Improving Hybrid III Injury Assessment in Steering Wheel Rim to Chest Impacts Using Responses From Finite Element Hybrid III and Human Body Model

Objective: The main aim of this study was to improve the quality of injury risk assessments in steering wheel rim to chest impacts when using the Hybrid III crash test dummy in frontal heavy goods vehicle (HGV) collision tests. Correction factors for chest

Long-Term Medical Consequences for Child Occupants 0 to 12 years injured in Car Crashes

Objective: There is limited knowledge of the long-term medical consequences for children injured in car crashes. Thus, in the event of injury, the aim of the study was to specify patterns and risks of injuries resulting in permanent medical impairment of

Using live video for information sharing in emergency response work

This paper presents findings from a design-oriented study focusing on emergency response work. Traditionally, Information Technology (IT) for emergency response work has included en route navigation advice, resource management, hazard material databases

Slutrapport forskningsprojektet Liveresponse fas3

Visual reporting in time-critical work: Exploring video use in emergency response

This paper reports on an explorative project aimed to study the use of live video technology in emergency response work. The initial stage of the project aimed at enabling an emergency response organization with live video capabilities. The study covered

Detecting traumatic intracranial bleedings in a brain phantom using microwave technology

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is one of the major causes of death due to injury and frequently occurs in road trac accidents, assaults, sports injuries, etc. It has been estimated that TBI will become a leading cause of death in the near future

Using microwave technology for detecting traumatic intracranial bleedings - Tests on a brain phantom

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Positioneringssystem för Aktiv Säkerhetsprovning Utomhus (PASU)

Locating the exact position (relative and absolute) of vehicles is important in many active safety tests. Therefore TSS has launched this pre-study to evaluate the various options for measuring the relative and absolute positions of vehicles. This

A Brief Paper on Improving Active Safety Systems via HMI and Dependability Analysis

As new active safety systems are introduced in vehicles it is important to assure correct functionality also in the presence of faults. If faults are not considered in the design of such systems, the claimed safety benefits may be compromised. It is also

Pre-Crash Factors Influencing Drivers of Older Ages in Intersection Collisions

The objective of this study is to understand the driver needs from a preventive and protective perspective focusing on cognitive pre-crash factors influencing the older driver in intersection collisions. The study combines information from a statistical

State of the Art Survey of Wireless Vehicular Communication Projects

In this paper the results of a state of the art survey, using publicly available information, are presented. The scope of the survey concerns projects that include wireless communication vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure. Since there is a

Wireless Communications Vehicle-to-Vehicle and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure

This state-of-the-art survey addresses wireless communication vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicleto-infrastructure. With infrastructure is here meant roadside equipment. Today, wireless links are used for e.g. collecting tolls, telephony, traffic congestion

Wireless Real-Time Communication in Traffic Safety Applications

The purpose of this document is to discuss the specific communication requirements for traffic safety applications. It compares benefits and drawbacks of using existing communication standards for these particular kinds of applications. Finally, it

Analysis of intersection crash statistics to define pre-crash test scenarios for detection sensors

The majority of OEMs and system suppliers are developing detection sensors for crash avoidance and crash mitigation systems in the pre-crash phase. Methods are however lacking for testing the performance of the detection sensors. In scenariobased testing

Augmented reality methods for active safety applications

Benefit Prediction of Passenger Car Post Impact Stability Control Based on Accident Statistics and Vehicle Dynamics Simulations

Accident statistics showed that about 30% of passenger car accidents are multiple-impact events (MIE). Current Electronic Stability Control (ESC) systems are well designed for vehicle yaw motion control due to aggressive driving maneuvers, but not for that

A Domain Specific Modelling Language for Specifying and Visualizing Requirements

Requirements can cause substantial problems in large software projects if not handled correctly and efficiently. The problems of missing requirements or incorrect de-scoping of projects are virtually the most prominent ones. Combining graphical

Impact of Different Vehicle Models on Threat Assessment in Critical Curve Situations

Curve speed warning systems (CSW) utilize information about the road and warn drivers if they are about to enter a curve too fast. Recent research shows that CSW is successful in warning for upcoming curves. However no statistically significant change in

Method for Benefit Prediction of Passenger Car Post Impact Stability Control

Vehicle traffic safety has been attracting considerable attention with an increasing amount of accidents registered in road traffic statistics. Multiple-impact events accident, which accounts for 1/4 to 1/3 of all passenger car accidents, normally causes

A Predictive Approach to Roadway Departure Prevention

In this paper, we investigate predictive control approaches to the problem of roadway departure prevention via steering and braking. We assume a sensing infrastructure detecting road geometry and consider a two layers architecture consisting of a threat

Reduction of Vulnerable Road User accidents in urban intersections: Needs and challenges in designing Advanced Driver Assistance Systems

Advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) can be used to prevent accidents, or to reduce their severity. It is essential to determine what functional requirements such systems should fulfill to meet drivers’ support needs. An understanding of the

Scenario Based Testing of Pre-Crash Systems

In 2004, the US police reported 6 million light vehicle crashes that resulted in an estimated  loss of 2.8 million functional years at a cost of $120 billion. The statistics can be found in “Pre-Crash Scenario Typology for Crash Avoidance Research” (DOT HS

Towards Predictive Yaw Stability Control

In this paper the possibility to predict vehicle loss of control using information about the host vehicle’s state and the road ahead is investigated. A threat assessment algorithm that predicts loss of control based on assumptions of the driver’s future

Analysis of accident data for test scenario definition in the ASSESS project

The overall purpose of the ASSESS project is to develop a relevant and standardised set of test and assessment methods and associated tools for integrated vehicle safety systems, primarily focussing on currently available pre-crash sensing systems. The

Benefit Estimation Model for Pedestrian Auto Brake Functionality

Accident data shows that the vast majority of pedestrian accidents involve a passenger car. A refined method for estimating the potential effectiveness of a technology designed to support the car driver in mitigating or avoiding pedestrian accidents is

Characterizing Model Usage in Embedded Software Engineering: A Case Study

During development of complex products, such as automotive software, models – formal and informal – are used throughout the development process by different roles and for different purposes – as requirement, as implementation or as documentation. This

DART Development of a Rear-End Target

The design of two rear-end targets intended for testing of automotive safety functions are described. Technical requirements related to physical properties such as size, weight, and detection characteristics have been collected to guide the design of the

Distribution of Effort Among Software Development Artefacts: An Initial Case Study

Model-driven development aims at increasing productivity by raising the abstraction level of software specifications and introducing automated transformations for replacing lower level specifications. To assess benefits of replacing a legacy development

Exploring End-User Experiences: Self-Perceived Notions on Use of Adaptive Cruise Control Systems

This paper explores end-user experiences of adaptive cruise control systems. A qualitative approach has been applied and data has been collected by means of focus group interviews. In total the study consists of three focus group session with five to seven

Functional Safety in Systems of Road Vehicles

Architectures for communication between road vehicles and road infrastructure are under development. The new applications made possible by advanced communication create new opportunities and new safety challenges. The functional safety aspects so far

A Holistic Decision-Making Framework for Integrated Safety

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Improving Efficiency of Change Impact Assessment Using Graphical Requirement Specifications: An Experiment

Objective: Graphical requirements representation is often considered needed to advance model-driven development. Dedicated modelling languages include formalisms for graphically representing requirements, and together with new methods for structuring

Lateral stability control of a long heavy vehicle combination by active steering of the towed units

A complete vehicle combination controller for enhancing the lateral stability of long heavy vehicle combinations by active steering of the towed units is presented. As a case study, the controller is developed for a truck-dolly-semitrailer combination

Method and Tool Support for Automotive Software Engineering

Modelling is an essential activity in all engineering disciplines, and automotive software engineering is no exception. Model-driven software engineering – which has been shown with extensive evidence to improve efficiency and effectiveness of software