Publications

Addressing Female Whiplash Injury Protection - A Step Towards 50th Percentile Female Rear Impact Occupant Models

Whiplash Associated Disorder (WAD) – commonly denoted whiplash injury – to vehicle occupants involved in collisions, is of worldwide concern. These injuries occur at relatively low velocity changes, typically between 10–25 km/h, and in all impact

ADSEAT - Adaptive Seat to Reduce Neck Injuries for Female and Male Occupants

Neck injuries due to low severity vehicle crashes are of worldwide concern and the risk is higher for females than for males. The objective of ADSEAT is to provide guidance on how to evaluate the protective performance of vehicle seat designs aiming to

Basic comparison of the injury risk of a male and female dummy model in rear impact collisions

INTRODUCTION - According to statistics rear impact collisions are one of the most common accidents in road traffic. Even though the death rate is low, whiplash associated disorders (WAD) are painful injuries and have a huge financial impact on society

Child Passenger Kinematics in Emergency Manoeuvres

In motor vehicle impacts, a child’s head is generally the most frequently injured body region, irrespective of impact direction. Head to front seat back impact has been identified as a predominant cause of injury for rear seated, seat belt restrained

Child Safety in Car Crashes - A Modeling Approach for Safety System Improvements

Traffic related trauma is the most common cause of fatality and severe injury to children in developed countries. The majority of these fatalities and injuries are caused by frontal and side impacts. Researchers agree that the head is the most important

Definition of injury mechanism and related physical parameters based on datasets from PMHS tests and advanced HBM simulation

The THORAX project was initiated to study thoracic injuries for a wide variety of car occupants and transfer research results into test and design tools. Task 2.3 - Injury mechanism – was designed to achieve the following objectives: - Characterization of

Design Implications for Improving an Anthropomorphic Test Device based on Human Body Simulations

To evaluate new restraint systems more advanced test tools are required. To guide the design of an Anthropomorphic Test Device (ATD) torso, simulations were performed with the LS‐DYNA and RADIOSS codes using two human body models: an improved Total HUman

Development of an Advanced Frontal Dummy Thorax Demonstrator

Thoracic injuries are one of the dominant causes of fatalities and severe injuries in car crashes today. THORAX‐FP7 is a collaborative medium scale project under the Seventh Framework which focuses on reduction and prevention of thoracic injuries through

Estimation of the benefits for potential options to modify UNECE Regulation No. 94 to improve a car's compatibility

Although the number of road accident casualties in Europe (EU27) is falling the problem still remains substantial. In 2011 there were still over 30,000 road accident fatalities. Approximately half of these were car occupants and about 60 percent of these

Evaluation of the Head Kinematics of the Q3 Model and a Modified Q3 Model by Means of Crash Reconstruction

Objective: One objective of this study is to evaluate the head kinematics of the Q3 model. Another  objective is to evaluate the effect on head kinematics of increased thoracic spine flexibility; more  humanlike mass distribution; and more humanlike body

EvaRID - A 50th Percentile Female Rear Impact Finite Element Dummy Model

Neck injury due to low severity vehicle crashes is of worldwide concern and the injury risk is greater for females than males. However, whiplash protection systems have shown to be more beneficial for males than females. Hence there is a need for improved

FIMCAR - Frontal Impact and Compatibility Assessment Research: How to test self and partner protection

For the assessment of vehicle safety in frontal collisions, the crash compatibility between the colliding vehicles is crucial. Compatibility compromises both the self protection and the partner protection properties of vehicles. Although compatibility has

Generation of numerical human models based on medical imaging

The aim of this project was to increase the knowledge of how numerical models can be generated based on medical imaging data. The software used was Scan IP+FE/+CAD (Simpleware Ltd, UK). Three studies were conducted to generate models for Computer Fluid

Headform Impact Tests to Assess Energy Management of Seat Back Contact Points Associated with Head Injury for Pediatric Occupants

Head injuries are the most common injuries sustained by children in motor vehicle crashes regardless of age, restraint and crash direction. Previous research identified the front seat back as relevant contact point associated with head injuries sustained

Influence of Gender, Height, Weight, Age, Seated Position and Collision Site related to Neck Pain Symptoms in Rear End Impacts

Rear end vehicle collisions can result in occupants suffering neck pain symptoms of varying degree and duration. These injuries are generally called whiplash injuries and they are common and costly. This study analyses the occurance and duration of neck

Integrated Architectures for Third Generation Electric Vehicles - First Results of the ELVA Project

The joint European research project ELVA brings in line technology options and customer expectations for third generation electric vehicles. The objective is to develop innovative vehicle architectures fully exploiting freedoms in design that result from

Integrated Architectures for Third Generation Electric Vehicles - Innovative Concepts to Meet Customer Requirements

The joint European research project ELVA brings in line technology options and customer expectations for third generation electric vehicles. The objective is to develop innovative vehicle architectures fully exploiting freedoms in design that result from

Integrated Architectures for Third Generation Electric Vehicles - Technical challenges meeting customer requirements

In order to fully exploit new freedom in design and to achieve a significant increase of energy efficiency, the third generation of electric vehicles requires dedicated architectures. The consortium of the joint research project ELVA – Advanced Electric

Motion of the Head and Neck of Female and Male Volunteers in Rear Impact Car-to-Car Impacts

Objectives - The objectives of this study were to quantify and compare dynamic motion responses between 50th percentile female and male volunteers in rear impact tests. These data are fundamental for developing future occupant models for crash safety

The Occupant Response to Autonomous Braking: A Modeling Approach That Accounts for Active Musculature

Objective: The aim of this study is to model occupant kinematics in an autonomous braking event by using a Finite Element (FE) Human Body Model (HBM) with active muscles, as a step towards HBMs that can be used for injury prediction in integrated pre-crash

Parameter study for child injury mitigation in near-side impacts through FE simulations

Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the effects by crash related car parameters on head and chest injury measures for 3- and 12-year-old children in near side impacts. Methods: The evaluation was made by using a model of a complete

Pedestrian shoulder and spine kinematics in full-scale PMHS tests for human body model evaluation

Tools such as human body models are required to show the benefit of restraints needed to reduce risk of injuries and fatalities for pedestrians. To assess the biofidelity of these tools, representative, detailed validation data are required. One aim was to

Rib and Thoracic Response in Frontal Car Crashes: A Study Using a Finite Element Human Body Model

Traditionally, restraint systems have been evaluated with Anthropomorphic Test Devices (ATDs) and the thoracic injury criteria have been based on parameters assessed using ATDs, such as chest compression. ATDs have limitations since they are only a gross

Seat testing to investigate the female neck injury risk – preliminary results using a new female dummy prototype

Dynamic performance tests are conducted to assess the neck injury risk. To date seats are assessed based on sled tests mostly using a BioRID which is based on the 50%ile male anthropometry. Since females sustain whiplash associated disorders (WAD) more

Simulation and Analysis of Child Kinematics during Pre-Crash Maneuvers

Road traffic injuries are the most common cause of fatal injuries among children in the European Region (Sethi et al., 2008). Impacting the front passenger seat back is one of the main injury mechanism of AIS2+ head injuries for children aged 3-13 (Bohman

Active Muscle Control in Human Body Model Simulations - Implementation of a feedback control algorithm with standard keywords in LS-DYNA

Simulation of occupant responses in scenarios involving low load levels requires the addition of active muscles to add posture control and muscular response to the human body. A model for active muscle control has previously been implemented in the

ADSEAT - Adaptive seat to reduce neck injuries for female and male occupants

Neck injuries sustained in low severity vehicle crashes are of worldwide concern and the risk is higher for females than for males. The objective of the study was to provide guidance on how to evaluate protective performance of vehicle seat designs aiming

An Advanced Thorax-Shoulder Design for the THOR Dummy

Thoracic injuries are one of the main causes of fatally and severely injured casualties in car crashes. Advances in restraint system technology and airbags may be needed to address this problem; however, the crash test dummies available today for studying

Biofidelity requirements for the THORAX project

Biofidelity requirements are to be used to ensure that a crash test dummy loads the vehicle and restraint system in an accident in a similar way to the human, and to ensure that the response of the dummy to this loading is relevant to the prediction of

Car Safety for Children Aged 4-12: real world evaluations of long-term injury outcome, head injury causation scenarios, misuse, and pre-crash maneuver kinematics

Child casualties in car crashes have decreased over the years. Nevertheless, occupant safety in rear seats, especially for children 4-12 years old, needs further attention because motor vehicle crashes remain the leading cause of death and long-term health

Child Occupant Protection: Latest Knowledge and Future Opportunities - Results of a Workshop in Gothenburg, Sweden

A two day workshop was held in which the first day was composed of presentations on relevant topics. The focus of these presentations was on ´pressing issues in child and adolescent occupant protection´ - including short and long term research, policy and

Data for Evaluation of Crash Test Dummies and Human Body Models: New and past Post Mortem Human Subject Data from Groupement d'Intérêt Economique de Recherches et Etudes PSA-RENAULT; and Volunteer shoulder range-of-motion and stiffness

For assessment of their performance and for the development of injury risk functions there is a need for additional biofidelity data. In this report two types of data are made available: Part A - post mortem human subject exposed to various restraints

Development of an Advanced Thorax / Shoulder Complex for the THOR Dummy

Thoracic injuries are one of the main causes of fatalities and severe injuries in car crashes. The tools available today for studying these injuries are not up to par with the latest implementation of restraint systems and airbags. THORAX-FP7 is a

Development of a Structural Interaction Assessment Criteria using Progressive Deformable Barrier Data

Structural interaction has been one of the critical issues for improved frontal impact protection. An evaluation procedure for structural interaction has been difficult to develop using objective test data procedures. While previous research with the PDB

Development and validation of a coupled head-neck FEM-application to whiplash injury criteria investigation

The objective of the present study is to improve the understanding of whiplash injury mechanisms based on the extensive numerical simulation of real-world rear impact accidents with a detailed headneck finite-element model (FEM). Based on an existing FE

Driver Kinematic and Muscle Responses in Braking Events with Standard and Reversible Pre-tensioned Restraints: Validation Data for Human Models

The objectives of this study are to generate validation data for human models intended for simulation of occupant kinematics in a pre-crash phase, and to evaluate the effect of an integrated safety system on driver kinematics and muscle responses. Eleven

Dummy concept studies using an FE-THOR-NT: Chest deformation as a function of rib stiffness and shoulder designs

Dummy validation report

One of the scientific and technological objectives identified for the THORAX Project is to produce a mechanical demonstrator consisting of a new dummy thorax and shoulder design capable of representing identified injury mechanisms under real worlds loading

FIMCAR: Frontal Impact and Compatibility Assessment Research

Executive Summary - The goal of the FIMCAR (Frontal Impact and Compatibility Assessment Research) project was to propose a frontal impact assessment approach addressing self- and partner protection. Research strategies and priorities were based on earlier

FIMCAR - Influence of SEAS on Frontal Impact Compatibility

The aim of the FIMCAR project (Frontal Impact Compatibility and Assessment Research; co-funded by the European Commission within the 7th Framework Programme) was to develop and validate a frontal impact assessment approach that considers self and partner

Heavy vehicle frontal sled crash test analysis chest deflection response in the Hybrid III dummy

The aim of this study was to analyse the Hybrid III dummy chest loading in heavy vehicle frontal crashes. In total, eight truck front-to-trailer-type sled tests were performed. The Hybrid III, in driver position, was equipped with the chest deflection

Human Body Modeling for Integrated Safety Analyses, Adult and Child Models

Human body modeling for integrated safety analyses using THUMS

To successfully apply human body models to analyze real life safety systems, they have to: (1) be numerically robust in a wide range of crash loading conditions, (2) be computationally efficient to enable analyses with full car models, (3) represent the

Human rib response to different restraint systems in frontal impacts: a study using a human body model

Finite-element human body models (FE-HBMs) can be used to evaluate restraint systems by predicting thoracic injury. The biofidelity assessment of an FE-HBM Total HUman Model for Safety (THUMS) 50th percentile male occupant and the characterisation of its

Kinematics of Child Volunteers and Child Anthropomorphic Test Devices During Emergency Braking Events in Real Car Environment

Objectives: The objective of this study was to present, compare, and discuss the kinematic response of children and child anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) during emergency braking events in different restraint configurations in a passenger vehicle

Kinematics and shoulder belt position of child volunteers when exposed to steering manoeuvres in different restraint systems

In car crash scenarios, the head is the most frequently injured body region among children. The main injury mechanism for rear seated restrained children, aged 3-13, who sustained head injuries rated AIS2+, has been found to be the contact of the head with

Kinematics and shoulder belt position of child anthropomorphic test devices during steering maneuvers

Objectives: The objective of this study was to quantify and compare the kinematics and shoulder belt position of child anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) during emergency steering maneuvers. Furthermore, the ATDs were compared to the results from child

Modelling of multiple delaminations in shells using XFEM

A computationally efficient shell element which can account for multiple delaminations is presented. The shell kinematics is enriched based on XFEM and the element is validated against tests.

Muscle pathologies after cervical spine distortion-like exposure-a porcine model

Objective: Histological evaluation of porcine posterior cervical muscles after a forceful translational and extensional head retraction simulating high-speed rear end impact. Methods: Four anesthetized pigs were exposed to a cervical spine distortion (CSD)

Naturalistic Observation of Children in Cars: An International Partnership

It is well known that in the rear seat of cars, small children squirm, slide, slump, sleep, play and interact with their fellow passengers. Our previous findings from a pilot study show that children rarely remain in an optimal position for the efficient