Publications

Multimodal Data for Road User Behavior Analysis - Final Report

Recognizing driver behaviors dynamically in safety modeling is a challenging problem since it involves various feature parameters about the driver, the car and the ambient traffic. The goal is to cateogrize driver behaviours into a standard metric that can

A Pre-study on Data Processing Pipelines for Roadside Object Detection Systems Towards Safer Road Infrastructure

Single-vehicle accidents are the most common type of fatal accidents in Sweden, where a car drives o the road and runs into hazardous roadside objects. Proper installation and maintenance of protective objects, such as crash cushions and guard rails, may

The VALU3S ECSEL Project: Verification and Validation of Automated Systems Safety and Security

Manufacturers of automated systems and their components have been allocating an enormous amount of time and effort in R&D activities. This effort translates into an overhead on the V&V (verification and validation) process making it time-consuming and

Final Report - Virtual reality interactions with autonomous vehicles

Re-SAFE focuses on using virtual reality (VR) to study interactions with connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) from the perspective of a vulnerable road user (VRUs). The project is based in the newly established virtual reality hub on Traffic Safety at

Truck drivers’ behavior in encounters with vulnerable road users at intersections: Results from a test-track experiment

Crashes involving cyclists and pedestrians in Europe cause the deaths of about 7600 persons every year. Both cyclists and pedestrians are especially exposed in crashes with motorized vehicles and collisions with trucks can lead to severe injury outcomes

Updated estimates of the relationship between speed and road safety at the aggregate and individual levels

Recent studies of the relationship between the speed of traffic and road safety, stated as the number of fatalities and the number of injury accidents, are reviewed and their results synthesised by means of meta-analysis. All studies were based on data

Traffic volume and crashes and how crash and road characteristics affect their relationship – A meta-analysis

The present study has investigated the relationship between traffic volume and crash numbers by means of meta-analysis, based on 521 crash prediction models from 118 studies. The weighted pooled volume coefficient for all crashes and all levels of crash

Risk of road accident associated with the use of drugs: A systematic review and meta-analysis of evidence from epidemiological studies

This paper is a corrigendum to a previously published paper where errors were detected. The errors have been corrected in this paper. The paper is otherwise identical to the previously published paper. A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies that

The effects of cannabis intoxication on motor vehicle collision revisited and revised

Aims: To determine whether and to what extent acute cannabis intoxication increases motor vehicle crash risk.

Design: Study 1 replicates two published meta-analyses, correcting for methodological shortcomings. Study 2 is an updated meta-analysis using 28

A synthesis of studies of access point density as a risk factor for road accidents

Studies of the relationship between access point density (number of access points, or driveways, per kilometre of road) and accident frequency or rate (number of accidents per unit of exposure) have consistently found that accident rate increases when

Does a tow-bar increase the risk of neck injury in rear-end collisions?

Does a tow-bar increase the risk of neck injury in the struck car in a rear-end collision? The rear part of a modern car has collision zones that are rendered nonoperational when the car is equipped with a tow-bar. Past crash tests have shown that a car's

Exploring the safety in numbers effect for vulnerable road users on a macroscopic scale

A “Safety in Numbers” effect for a certain group of road users is present if the number of crashes increases at a lower rate than the number of road users. The existence of this effect has been invoked to justify investments in multimodal transportation

Bicycle helmets – To wear or not to wear? A meta-analyses of the effects of bicycle helmets on injuries

A meta-analysis has been conducted of the effects of bicycle helmets on serious head injury and other injuries among crash involved cyclists. 179 effect estimates from 55 studies from 1989–2017 are included in the meta-analysis. The use of bicycle helmets

Recommend or mandate? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of mandatory bicycle helmet legislation

If all cyclistswere wearing helmets, significant numbers of head injuries might theoretically be prevented. Mandatory bicycle helmet legislation increases helmet use but is a controversial measure. Results from 21 studies of the effects of mandatory

Interpreting interaction effects in estimates of the risk of traffic injury associated with the use of illicit drugs

Interactions characterise the relationship between use of amphetamines, cannabis and opiates as a driver and the risk of traffic injury associated with the use of these drugs. Inverse risk curves have been found for these drugs, meaning that the higher the

Vehicle registration year, age, and weight – Untangling the effects on crash risk

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of passenger cars’ first year of registration, weight, and age on the number of killed or seriously injured (KSI) car drivers, pedestrians, and cyclists. Poisson regression models were developed

The more (sharp) curves, the lower the risk

The risk of accident in horizontal curves is a complex function of at least the following characteristics of the curve: the radius of the curve; the length of the curve (and the resultant deflection angle); the presence of a spiral transition curve; the

ENSEMBLE animation

Security framework for platooning (D2.9 ENSEMBLE)

This deliverable provides a specification of the V2X security framework. It describes which measure should be applied to ensure trucks can communicate with each other in a secure and private way.

In ENSEMBLE, a new facilities layer protocol supporting the

Platooning protocol definition and Communication strategy (D2.8 ENSEMBLE)

This deliverable provides a specification of the V2X communication protocol to enable  platooning using the wireless communication standard ITS-G5. The protocol specifies how vehicles inform each other about their ability to form a platoon, and which data

Sweden4Platooning - Public report

Background: Road trains, also called platoons, have a potential to increase efficiency of goods transportation. In road trains trucks are pulled together using wireless communication, called Vehicle2Vehicle-communication (V2V), directly between the trucks

Final Report B0005

In this project we have experimentally evaluated our method for motion planning and control at the limits of handling, under locally varying traction conditions.
The experiments were performed on a on a Volvo FH16 heavy-duty vehicle, in a range of critical

Final Report - Cooperative Automated Driving Use Cases for V2X Communication

One of the main challenges today on the way towards full traffic automation is the comprehensive environmental perception of its participants, which in turn can help to improve the safety and assistance in applications such as Advanced Driver Assistance

Final Report - SAFER Cycling

The pre-study focused on two key factors a) avoiding a crash involving bicyclists and b) reduce shoulder injuries in the event when a crash cannot be avoided. Our hypothesis is that many crashes involving cyclist could be avoided by increasing the

First encounter effects in testing of highly automated vehicles during two experimental occasions – The need for recurrent testing

Drivers' Ability to Engage in a Non-Driving Related Task While in Automated Driving Mode in Real Traffic

Engaging in non-driving related tasks (NDRTs) while driving can be considered distracting and safety detrimental. However, with the introduction of highly automated driving systems that relieve drivers from driving, more NDRTs will be feasible. In fact

FinalReport SAFER Pre-study safety culture for AVs

There is an increasing automation in road transport, involving introduction of fully automated vehicles (AV) in some areas. Organizations that introduce automated vehicles need support on how to develop a sustainable safety culture with zero accidents

Towards a Context-Dependent Multi-Buffer Driver Distraction Detection Algorithm

This paper presents initial work on a context-dependent driver distraction detection algorithm called AttenD2.0, which extends the original AttenD algorithm with elements from the Minimum Required Attention (MiRA) theory. Central to the original AttenD

Effects of partially automated driving on the development of driver sleepiness

The objective of this study was to compare the development of sleepiness during manual driving versus level 2 partially automated driving, when driving on a motorway in Sweden. The hypothesis was that partially automated driving will lead to higher levels

Pre-Crash and In-Crash Car Occupant Safety Assessment

Tens of millions are annually injured in Road Traffic Accidents (RTAs) worldwide, while the estimated number of RTA fatalities amounted to 1.35 million in 2016. In Europe, car occupants hold the largest share (48%) of fatalities among all road users. The

Towards a human body model for prediction of vehicle occupant kinematics in omni-directional pre-crash events

As the vehicle fleet becomes more equipped with crash avoidance systems, the proportion of crashes preceded by evasive manoeuvres is expected to increase. In an evasive manoeuvre, occupant position and posture can be influenced by the induced loading

FINAL REPORT: Task Force - Hygiene procedures in test with research persons

Since the rapid outbreak and continued global spread of the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) in 2020, aspects of much of our day-to-day life in society has been impacted – our workplaces are no exception. Due to the novelty of COVID-19 to health officials in

Extended framework for geometric modelling of textile architectures

Three dimensional (3D) textiles are finding their way into fibre reinforced composite applications, and for good reasons; they can eliminate the hazard of delamination and enable complex reinforcement shapes. There is therefore a need for engineering

An adaptive thick shell element for crashworthiness assessment of laminated composites

The  automotive  industry  is  strongly  dependent  on  efficient  numerical  tools  in  order  to  assess  the  crashworthiness  of  laminated composites. Unfortunately, to achieve predictive assessments of fracture in laminated composites one must resort

A micromechanically based model for strain rate effects in unidirectional composites

This article addresses dynamic behaviour of fibre reinforced polymer composites in terms of a transversely isotropic viscoelastic-viscoplastic constitutive model established at the unidirectional ply level. The model captures the prelocalized response of

Development and validation of a finite deformation fibre kinking model for crushing of composites

A mesoscale model for fibre kinking onset and growth in a three-dimensional framework is developed and validated against experimental results obtained in-house as well as from the literature. The model formulation is based on fibre kinking theory i.e. the

An adaptive shell element for explicit dynamic analysis of failure in laminated composites Part 2: Progressive failure and model validation

To introduce more fibre-reinforced polymers in cars, the automotive industry is strongly dependent on efficient modelling tools to predict the correct energy absorption in crash simulations. In this context, an adaptive modelling technique shows great

An adaptive shell element for explicit dynamic analysis of failure in laminated composites Part 1: Adaptive kinematics and numerical implementation

To introduce more fibre-reinforced polymers in cars, the automotive industry is strongly dependent on efficient modelling tools to predict the correct energy absorption in crash simulations. In this context, an adaptive modelling technique shows great

Suitability of Enhanced Head Injury Criteria for Vehicle Rating

Objective: Euro NCAP is considering the implementation of a new head injury assessment with the introduction of THOR in the mobile progressive deformable barrier frontal impact crash test. The objective of this study is to assess the suitability of

The Difference in Ranking of Bike Helmets When Using Different Finite Element Head Models

Improvements and Validation of THUMS Upper Extremity: Refinements of the Elbow Joint for Improved Biofidelity

Introduction One out of five reported motor vehicle collision injuries occur to the upper extremities. Certain parts of The Total HUman Model for Safety (THUMS) lack validation against experimental data, including the elbow. The aim of this project is to

Passenger muscle responses in lane change and lane change with braking maneuvers using two belt configurations: Standard and reversible pre-pretensioner

Objective: The introduction of integrated safety technologies in new car models calls for an improved understanding of the human occupant response in precrash situations. The aim of this article is to extensively study occupant muscle activation in vehicle

A micromechanically based model for strain rate effects in unidirectional composites

This article addresses dynamic behaviour of fibre reinforced polymer composites in terms of a transversely isotropic viscoelastic-viscoplastic constitutive model established at the unidirectional ply level. The model captures the prelocalized response of

Booster cushions for shared mobility

Seating and driver interaction sin automated vehicles

The technology for automated vehicles is developing rapidly, turning drivers into passengers, having end users demand a more relaxed seating position. The reclined seating position is one of the most popular expectation among end users, nevertheless, there

Improvement of Human Body Model Rib Fracture Risk Prediction: Creation of injury risk curves and rib cortical bone regression models for age adjusted risk prediction

In motor vehicle collision, one of the most commonly injured body regions is the thorax and these injuries are in many cases the cause of death among belted, adult drivers. Rib fractures are particularly dangerous among elderly and to enable injury

Child Restraint System for Shared Mobility: Development of a Mobile, Rear-facing and Safe Car Seat for the Car Travels of the Future

This report presents a product development project, where the preliminary aim was to develop a concept of a rear-facing Child Restraint System (CRS) adapted for shared mobility. The CRS was developed for children in the stature range 61-105cm for the main

Youths as passengers in cars A behavioural study on user experience and safety

When youths travel in cars, they are not just sitting still and looking straight forward. Cars are today designed and constructed based on the needs from a wide range of users, and previously there has not been a project exploring the needs and activities

Booster cushion for shared mobility

This master’s thesis describes the rising need of a more portable booster cushion for young kids as car sharing and carpooling becomes more common in everyday society. It presents the background to booster cushions, anatomy and car sharing and then begins

Booster cushion design effects on child occupantkinematics and loading assessed using the PIPER 6-year-old HBM and the Q10 ATD in frontal impacts

Objective

Our objective was to study the effect on child occupant kinematics and loading by differences in booster cushion designs and attachment in a frontal impact.

Methods

Three different booster cushion designs were exposed to a frontal impact in