Publications

A reference model for driver attention in automation: Glance behavior changes during lateral and longitudinal assistance

This paper introduces a reference model of glance behavior for driving safety assessment. This model can improve the design of automated and assistive systems. Technological limitations have previously hindered the use of unobtrusive eye trackers to

How do drivers respond to silent automation failures? Driving simulator study and comparison of computational driver braking models

State-of-the-art methods for virtual testing of active safety and automation

Market penetration of intersection AEB: Characterizing avoided and residual straight crossing path accidents

Car occupants account for one third of all junction fatalities in the European Union. Driver warning can reduce intersection accidents by up to 50 percent; adding Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) delivers a reduction of up to 70 percent. However, these

The potential of clustering methods to define intersection test scenarios: Assessing real-life performance of AEB

Intersection accidents are frequent and harmful. The accident types ‘straight crossing path’ (SCP), ‘left turn across path – oncoming direction’ (LTAP/OD), and ‘left-turn across path – lateral direction’ (LTAP/LD) represent around 95% of all intersection

Opportunities and limitations for intersection collision intervention—A study of real world ‘left turn across path’ accidents

Turning across the path of oncoming vehicle accidents are frequent and dangerous. To date not many car manufacturers have introduced Automated Emergency Braking (AEB) systems addressing this type of conflict situation, but it is foreseeable that these

Active Human Body Model Predictions Compared to Volunteer Response in Experiments with Braking, Lane Change, and Combined Manoeuvres

Passenger kinematics in Lane change and Lane change with Braking Manoeuvres using two belt configurations: standard and reversible pre‐pretensioner

Friction tests on uni-weave carbon/epoxy NCF composite.

Numerical simulation of a hat profile specimen under quasi-static 3-point bending loading

Biaxial transverse compression testing for a fibre reinforced polymer material

Unidirectional laminates have been tested under uniaxial transverse compression and under biaxial transverse compression. Failure occurred by shear in an inclined failure plane parallel to the fibres. The transverse shear response of the material on the

Validation and improvements of a mesoscale finite element constitutive model for fibre kinking growth

The present work is focused on the computational challenges and further verification and validation of an advanced fibre kinking model. This model was previously developed by the authors and implemented in a Finite Element (FE) code with a mesh objective

Fibre lock-up and other mechanisms at large fibre rotations, and their effect on axial compression of composites

Validation of a novel model for the compressive response of FRP: Numerical simulation.

A progressive damage model for matrix compression is complemented with matrix tension in a physically based manner. The interaction of damage mechanisms undergoes a preliminary validation using single elements. The crushing response is validated with two

Improvement and validation of a physically based model for the shear and transverse crushing of orthotropic composites

This paper details a complete crush model for composite materials with focus on shear dominated crushing under a three-dimensional stress state. The damage evolution laws and final failure strain conditions are based on data extracted from shear

Epidemiology of Equestrian Accidents: a Literature Review

Purpose: This manuscript aimed to present a review of the literature pertaining to horse riding and other horse-related injuries. Method: A review of the literature was performed, searching for appropriate terms with regard to horse accidents, horse riding

Horse-related incidents and factors for predicting injuries to the head

Objectives Head injuries are the leading cause of death in horse-related injury events and, even since the introduction of helmets, represent a sizeable proportion of all horse-related injuries. Falls from horseback and kicks to the head are the most

Kinematics and shoulder belt engagement of children on belt-positioning boosters during evasive steering maneuvers.

OBJECTIVE:

To increase the protection of child passengers in crashes preceded by evasive steering, understanding of how children interact with the seat belt in such situations is essential. This study aims to quantify child kinematics and describe child

Deformation of dorsal root ganglion due to pressure transients of venous blood and cerebrospinal fluid in the cervical vertebral canal.

The dorsal root ganglion (DRG) that is embedded in the foramen of the cervical vertebra can be injured during a whiplash motion. A potential cause is that whilst the neck bends in the whiplash motion, the changes of spinal canal volume induce impulsive

Impacts to the chest of PMHSs - Influence of impact location and load distribution on chest response.

The chest response of the human body has been studied for several load conditions, but is not well known in the case of steering wheel rim-to-chest impact in heavy goods vehicle frontal collisions. The aim of this study was to determine the response of the

Gaze doesn't always lead steering

In car driving, gaze typically leads the steering when negotiating curves. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether drivers also use this gaze-leads-steering strategy when time-sharing between driving and a visual secondary task. Fourteen

Drivers overtaking cyclists in the real-world: Evidence from a naturalistic driving study

The total number of road crashes in Europe is decreasing, but the number of crashes involving cyclists is not decreasing at the same rate. When cars and bicycles share the same lane, cars typically need to overtake them, creating dangerous conflicts

Where do people direct their attention while cycling? A comparison of adults and children

Cycling in urban environments requires the ability to distinguish between relevant and irrelevant targets quickly and reliably, so that potential hazards can be anticipated and avoided. In two experiments, we investigated where adults and children direct

Difference between car-to-cyclist crash and near crash in a perpendicular crash configuration based on driving recorder analysis

Analyzing a crash using driving recorder data makes it possible to objectively examine factors contributing to the occurrence of the crash. In this study, car-to-cyclist crashes and near crashes recorded on cars equipped with advanced driving recorders

Modelling how drivers respond to a bicyclist crossing their path at an intersection: How do test track and driving simulator compare?

Bicyclist fatalities are a great concern in the European Union. Most of them are due to crashes between motorized vehicles and bicyclists at unsignalised intersections. Different countermeasures are currently being developed and implemented in order to

How safe is tuning a radio?: using the radio tuning task as a benchmark for distracted driving

Drivers engage in non-driving tasks while driving, such as interactions entertainment systems. Studies have identified glance patterns related to such interactions, and manual radio tuning has been used as a reference task to set an upper bound on the

On the use of naturalistic methods to examine safety-relevant behaviours amongst children and evaluate a cycling education program

School-based cycling education programs aim to improve cycling safety and participation amongst children. Available research suggests that typical programs, which focus on bicycle manoeuvring skills, have limited effects on behaviour observed on a track or

Factors contributing to commercial vehicle rear-end conflicts in China: A study using on-board event data recorders

Introduction: In the last 30 years, China has undergone a dramatic increase in vehicle ownership and a resulting escalation in the number of road crashes. Although crash figures are decreasing today, they remain high; it is therefore important to

Great expectations: A predictive processing account of automobile driving

Predictive processing has been proposed as a unifying framework for understanding brain function, suggesting that cognition and behaviour can be fundamentally understood based on the single principle of prediction error minimisation. According to

Counterfactual simulations applied to SHRP2 crashes: The effect of driver behavior models on safety benefit estimations of intelligent safety systems.

As the development and deployment of in-vehicle intelligent safety systems (ISS) for crash avoidance and mitigation have rapidly increased in the last decades, the need to evaluate their prospective safety benefits before introduction has never been higher

Safety Science Special Issue on Cycling Safety

This Special Issue of Safety Science is dedicated to Cycling Safety. In Europe, and in many other countries all over the world, bicycle use is growing. An increasing number of commuters choose to ride a bicycle instead of driving a car, because of health

How do drivers overtake cyclists?

In Europe, the number of road crashes is steadily decreasing every year. However, the incidence of bicycle crashes is not declining as fast as that of car crashes. In Sweden, cyclists are the most frequently injured road users. Collisions between bicycles

A Simulation-Based Safety Analysis of CACC-Enabled Highway Platooning

Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems (C-ITS) enable actors in the transport systems to interact and collaborate by exchanging information via wireless communication networks. There are several challenges to overcome before they can be implemented and

A new framework for modelling road-user interaction and evaluating active safety systems

In the road transport system, cyclists account for a significant share of fatalities and serious injuries. Advance driver assistance systems (ADAS) that address potential crashes of passenger cars with cyclists are being developed and introduced to the

Material characterisation for crash modelling of composites

The transport industry must find solutions to reduce its impact on climate change. A promising way to reduce the weight of vehicles and therefore to reduce the CO2 emissions is to introduce components made of lightweight composite materials, in particular

Eliciting User Experience Information

Experience-rich input in early phases of a design process can offer valuable information and inspiration to designers. However, there are methodological challenges linked with efforts to understand future user experiences. Experience encompasses

Definition of run-off-road crash clusters—For safety benefit estimation and driver assistance development

Single-vehicle run-off-road crashes are a major traffic safety concern, as they are associated with a high proportion of fatal outcomes. In addressing run-off-road crashes, the development and evaluation of advanced driver assistance systems requires test

Predicting Safety Benefits of Automated Emergency Braking at Intersections - Virtual simulations based on real-world accident data

Introduction: Intersections are a global traffic safety concern. In the United States, around half of all fatal road traffic accidents take place at intersections or were related to them. In the European Union, about one fifth of road traffic fatalities

Influence of oncoming traffic on drivers’ overtaking of cyclists

Active transportation - such as cycling - can provide health benefits to the population. However, cycling safety remains a major threat to favour the use of bicycles and, for this reason, more efforts are needed to reduce the number of crashes involving

Modelling driver behaviour in run-off-road crashes: Applications in safety system development and safety benefit estimation

Run-off-road crashes have been identified as a major concern for automobile safety and several advanced driver assistance systems (ADASs) targeting run-off-road crashes are on the market today. Assessment of ADASs require relevant test scenarios and valid

Final Report CRASHED

Video and time series data collected through Video Event Recorder (VER) equipment installed in vehicles have been identified as a valuable source for insights into the causation of crashes. Previous collaborations with a commercial company providing

Human Factors of Automated Driving (Final Report)

Reclined seating positions for level 4 HAD vehicles - a comfort and safety

Occupants have already in today’s cars the opportunity to choose various reclined seatingpositions. As highly automated driving (HAD) vehicles are introduced on the market, thepossibility to sit in reclined positions will increase. The car manufacturers

Crash Configuration Definition for Assessment of Passenger

Säkerhet och självkörande personbilar

Potential future seating positions and the impact on injury risks in a Learning Intelligent Vehicle

Visual response to attentional demand in increasing levels of automation: A situated approach

Introduction: Adaptive cruise control (ACC) is a system that automates the longitudinal control of the vehicle, and maintains safety margins to a lead vehicle. ACC has been shown to have positive safety effects in reducing the exposure to critical

Investigation of crush behavior in small coupons, as effect of manufacturing defects on composite structures

VALIDATION OF A NOVEL MODEL FOR THE COMPRESSIVE RESPONSE OF FRP: EXPERIMENTS WITH DIFFERENT FIBRE ORIENTATIONS

Crush tests have been performed on flat unidirectional non-crimp fabric (NCF) coupons with different fibre orientations as part of the validation of a ply-based damage model for crash. The fibre off-axis angle with respect to the crushing direction ranged

Implementation and mesh objectivity of a model for fibre kinking in composites