Publications

Effects of restraint parameters using PIPER 6y in reclined seating during frontal impact

This study explores possible challenges for child occupants in reclined seating positions, applying current protection systems. Using PIPER 6 y in frontal impacts, the aim was to investigate the effect of restraint parameters in reclined seating positions

Influence of Individual Ribcage Shape Variability on Occupant Rib Fracture Risk

Human body models (HBMs) offer the potential to predict injury risk across broad populations. Adapting baseline HBM geometry to different body shapes, however, is often done using statistical shape models based on age, sex, height and weight, which

Load-limiting in the lap belt reduces injury risks associated with new seating positions

The two objectives are to demonstrate technical feasibility for an advanced 3-point seatbelt system incorporating double lap belt pre-tensioning and load-limiting and to evaluate its injury risk reduction relative to that of a 3-point seatbelt without

Reducing Lumbar Spine Vertebra Fracture Risk With an Adaptive Seat Track Load Limiter

In future fully automated vehicles, sleeping or resting will be desirable during a drive. While a horizontal position currently appears infeasible, a relaxed seating position with a reclined seatback and an inclined seat pan which enables a safe

Experimental Setup for Assessing Drivers’ Experiences of Reclined Sitting Posture in Automated Vehicles

Highly automated vehicles are opening new opportunities for alternative sitting postures, such as the reclined posture, when drivers disengage from conventional driving tasks. This paper presents an experimental setup to assess drivers’ experiences of the

Automated quantification of occupant posture and shoulder belt fit using safety specific key points

Virtual evaluation of automotive safety with variation in occupant posture and shoulder belt fit is gaining importance, and there is a need of methods facilitating analysis of occupant postures in driving studies. This study is aimed to develop an AI-based

Applicability of Graph Neural Networks to predict Human variability in Human Body Model Rib Strain Predictions

Finite element human body models have in recent years become widely used in the area of vehicle safety evaluations. They make it possible to predict injury risk in specific areas, down to the organ level in the human body. An existing human body model

Emergency Braking With ACC: How Much Does V2V Communication Help?

This letter provides a safety analysis for emergency braking scenarios involving consecutive vehicles. The vehicles use adaptive cruise control (ACC) with a constant-distance policy together with additional vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication for

Towards a Complete Safety Framework for Longitudinal Driving

Formal models for the safety validation of autonomous vehicles have become increasingly important. To this end, we present a safety framework for longitudinal automated driving. This framework allows calculating minimum safe inter-vehicular distances for

A Survey on Remote Operation of Road Vehicles

In recent years, the use of remote operation has been proposed as a bridge towards driverless mobility by providing human assistance remotely when an automated driving system finds a situation that is ambiguous and requires input from a remote operator

Propelled and steered converter dolly for improved shunting of semi- trailers at goods terminals

Distribution of semi-trailers from goods distribution terminals to customer loading docks are carried out by human drivers. Goods are transported to these distribution centers longer and heavier vehicles (LHV). These truck-trailer combinations need to be

Over 60,000 km in a year: remotely collecting large-volume high-quality data from a logistics truck

After the first successful large-scale demonstration of eleven self-driving vehicles at the DARPA Urban Challenge in 2007, research results from the competing teams found their way into advanced driver systems (ADAS) that support typical driving tasks like

Behavioral adaptation of drivers when driving among automated vehicles

This paper aims to explore whether drivers would adapt their behavior when they drive among automated vehicles (AVs) compared to driving among manually driven vehicles (MVs).Understanding behavioral adaptation of drivers when they encounter AVs is crucial

Challenges and potential business applications of Automated Delivery Vehicle initiatives - a brief overview

This report addresses some of the driving forces behind the development of Automated Delivery Vehicles, (ADV), e.g. increased urbanization, increased e-commerce, demands for efficient transport and the demands to meet climate goals, national as well as

Automated delivery vehicles - what kind of vehicles are they and does it matter?, RISE report 2022:100

Autonomous delivery vehicles – what kind of vehicles are they and does it matter? The project GLAD – Goods deliveries during the last mile of self-driving vehicles explores how tomorrow's small autonomous delivery vehicles (ADV) could operate in the

People’s understanding of external HMI and their experiences of interacting with an Automated Delivery Vehicle in a terminal context, RISE report 2022:133

This study investigated how the participants in a scenario of a terminal for goods handling perceived to interact with an automated delivery vehicle (ADV) for loading/unloading and how they understood the external Human Machine Interfaces (eHMI), i.e

Development of self-driving and control room functions and of external HMI for Automated Delivery Vehicles, RISE report 2022:132

Road users may need additional information to a vehicle’s speed and position in lane to understand the behavior and intentions of self-driving vehicles, such as external Human Machine Interface (eHMI), i.e. visual signals (lights) indicating the vehicle's

Typical and critical traffic situations with small electric delivery vehicles – indications for future automated delivery vehicles, RISE report 2022:130

This study investigated what typical traffic situations drivers of small manual delivery vehicles (MDV) are facing during their daily routes and how they handle these, sometimes critical, traffic situations. The purpose was to get an understanding of what

Use cases and high-level requirements for safe interactions between Automated Delivery Vehicles and human operators in a terminal, RISE report 2022:131

Small electric Autonomous Delivery Vehicles (ADV) can play an important role in future logistic chains under the last mile deliveries. In terminals where ADV are loaded with goods it is important that the interactions between the ADVS and the goods

GLAD, Goods deliveries under the last mile with automated delivery vehicles - Summaries of the studies in the GLAD project, RISE report 2022:135

This is a summary of the studies that were carried out in the GLAD project (GLAD: Goods deliveries under the last mile with automated delivery vehicles). GLAD was a research and development project with the overall aim to gain knowledge about user needs as

CO2 Public Report

Carbon dioxide (CO 2) is an odourless and colourless compound present in the atmosphere at a concentration of approximately 400 parts per million (or ppm). While CO 2 is not toxic per se, exposures to very high concentrations (> 10000 ppm) may have

Rib fracture injury risk function assessment for the THOR-50M using population-based finite element crash reconstructions

Frontal crashes account for around 50% of all fatalities in passenger cars and thorax injuries are common in this type of crash. To evaluate car crash performance, mechanical representations of human occupants are used, which are called Anthropomorphic

Assessment of Brain Injury Criteria using Head Kinematics Data from Crash Tests and Accident Reconstructions

Towards the Inclusion of Pelvis Population Variance in Human Body Models

With a future large-scale introduction of autonomous vehicles, the proportion of intersection crashes on the total number of motor vehicle crashes is expected to increase. The pelvis is frequently exposed to high loads in several of these impacts. In

Population Variance in Pelvis Response to Lateral Impacts – A Global Sensitivity Analysis

Pelvic fracture remains the third most common moderate to severe injury in motor vehicle crashes, and the dominating lower extremity injury in lateral impacts. An essential tool for analysis of injury, and real-world occupant protection, are finite element

Lateral Control of a Self-driving Bike

This paper describes the lateral control for trajectory following of a self-driving bike. It is a cascade control structure where an inner loop stabilize the balancing with a simple P-controller and the outer loop is the lateral controller. The lateral

Simulation of hip joint location for occupant packaging design

DHM tools have been widely used to analyze and improve vehicle occupant packaging and interior design in the automotive industry. However, these tools still present some limitations for this application. Accurately characterizing seated posture is crucial

Design concept evaluation in digital human modeling tools

In the design process of products and production systems, the activity to systematically evaluate initial alternative design concepts is an important step. The digital human modeling (DHM) tools include several different types of assessment methods in

Development of body shape data based digital human models for ergonomics simulations

This paper presents the development of body-shape-data-based digital human models, i.e. manikins, for ergonomics simulations. In digital human modeling (DHM) tools, it is important that the generated manikin models are accurate and representative for

Current Trends in Research and Application of Digital Human Modeling

The paper reports an investigation conducted during the DHM2020 Symposium regarding current trends in research and application of DHM in academia, software development, and industry. The results show that virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and

Digital Human Modelling: Inclusive Design and the Ageing Population

Digital human modelling (DHM) is a tool that allows humans to be modelled in three-dimensional CAD. An almost infinite variety of humans can be modelled and families of so-called manikins can be created to act as virtual user groups, evaluating the

Challenges for the Consideration of Ergonomics in Product Development in the Swedish Automotive Industry – An Interview Study

This paper presents an interview study aiming to understand the state of the art of how ergonomics designers work in the vehicle development process within the Swedish automotive industry. Ten ergonomic designers from seven different companies participated

System of Systems for emergency response: the case with CAVs on highways

Emergency response system is a complex system of systems (SoS). The introduction of connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) introduces an extra dimension into the complexity. Future emergency response must be able to take into account of the autonomous

An Improved Multimodal Trajectory Prediction Method Based on Deep Inverse Reinforcement Learning

With the rapid development of artificial intelligence technology, the deep learning method has been introduced for vehicle trajectory prediction in the internet of vehicles, since it provides relative accurate prediction results, which is one of the

Integration of Shared Autonomous Fleets in Public Transport: A Case Study of Uppsala, Sweden

Autonomous vehicles are predicted to disrupt the current landscape of urban mobility.Many studies have investigated how autonomous vehicles, either operated as a serviceor as private cars, could compete against public transport and even replace it

Autonomous vehicle fleets for public transport: scenarios and comparisons

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) are becoming a reality and may integrate with existing public transport systems to enable the new generation of autonomous public transport. It is vital to understand what are the alternatives for AV integration from different

Divergent Effects of Factors on Crash Severity under Autonomous and Conventional Driving Modes Using a Hierarchical Bayesian Approach

Influencing factors on crash severity involved with autonomous vehicles (AVs) have been paid increasing attention. However, there is a lack of comparative analyses of those factors between AVs and human-driven vehicles. To fill this research gap, the study

Coordination and Analysis of Connected and Autonomous Vehicles in Freeway On-Ramp Merging Areas

Freeway on-ramps are typical bottlenecks in the freeway network, where the merging maneuvers of ramp vehicles impose frequent disturbances on the traffic flow and cause negative impacts on traffic safety and efficiency. The emerging Connected and

Flow-level coordination of connected and autonomous vehicles in multilane freeway ramp merging areas | Elsevier Enhanced Reader

On-ramp merging areas are deemed to be typical bottlenecks for freeway networks due to the intensive disturbances induced by the frequent merging, weaving, and lane-changing behaviors. The Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs), benefited from their

Facilitating Collaboration Between Humans and Unmanned Heavy Vehicles using Verbal Interaction and Augmented Reality

The development of unmanned self-driving vehicles appears to have great potential to increase safety and transport productivity. In industry, these vehicles are expected to be adopted first in confined contexts (hubs), such as mines. However, there is a

Designing Collaboration between Human Beings and Self-driving Heavy Vehicles with Emerging Interaction Technologies

The present work-in-progress paper describes the development of novel user interface concepts that allow human operators to collaborate with self-driving heavy vehicles in a mining context. Concept development was performed within a user-centered design

ComFASE: A Tool for Evaluating the Effects of V2V Communication Faults and Attacks on Automated Vehicles

This paper presents ComFASE, a communication fault and attack simulation engine. ComFASE is used to identify and evaluate potentially dangerous behaviours of interconnected automated vehicles in the presence of faults and attacks in wireless vehicular

Multidimensional Framework for Characterizing Verification and Validation of Automated Systems

Verification and Validation (V&V) of automated systems is becoming more costly and time-consuming because of the increasing size and complexity of these systems. Moreover, V&V of these systems can be hindered if the methods and processes are not properly

DELFASE: A Deep Learning Method for Fault Space Exploration

Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) are increasingly used in various safety-critical domains; assuring the safety of these systems is of paramount importance. Fault Injection is known as an effective testing method for analyzing the safety of CPSs. However, the

Criteria for the Analysis of Gaps and Limitations of V&V Methods for Safety- and Security-Critical Systems

As society increasingly relies on safety- and security- critical systems, the need for confirming their dependability becomes essential. Adequate V&V (verification and validation) methods must be employed, e.g., for system testing. When selecting and using

On the Evaluation of Three Pre-Injection Analysis Techniques for Model-Implemented Fault- and Attack Injection

Fault- and attack injection are techniques used to measure dependability attributes of computer systems. An important property of such injectors is their efficiency that deals with the time and effort needed to explore the target system’s fault- or attack

Modeling and Evaluating the Effects of Jamming Attacks on Connected Automated Road Vehicles

In this work, we evaluate the safety of a platoon of four vehicles under jamming attacks. The platooning application is provided by Plexe-veins, which is a cooperative driving framework, and the vehicles in the platoon are equipped with cooperative

Regulating Road Vehicle Teleoperation: Back to the Near Future

Due to the many remaining obstacles before reliability and safety can sufficiently be guaranteed for high-level automated vehicles (AVs), teleoperation or remote operation of partially automated vehicles by a human driver has become increasingly

Study of different steering feedback models influence during remote driving’

Steering feedback is one essential aspect to provide real world information, and can influence driving performance during remote driving. In this work, the classical feedback models based on physical characteristics (Physical Model) and modular

Comparing Vehicle Safety Systems in Adverse Condition Splash and Spray between Road and Test Site