Publications

Final Report

The purpose of this project was to build a prototype of a new type of bicycle simulator. It consists of a versatile construction with potential for many functions, based on bike rollers. The goal was to keep a realistic bicycling experience.

Elderly motor vehicle drivers in traffic accidents

Road traffic injuries are an increasing public health problem with large costs for society. Currently, there is insufficient compiled data with regard to traffic accidents related to older drivers, and there is a lack of research in the area. The aim of

The Face Airbag: A Novel Concept for Facial Impact Protection

Relevant safety countermeasure was presented at IRCOBI conference 2022.

Towards an assessment of safety and security interplay in automated driving systems

We are currently in the midst of significant changes in the road transport system, including the transformation to fossil-free propulsion and the shift to higher levels of automation. The next level in automation is soon upon us and is encompassed by the

Effects of cognitive tasks on car drivers’ behaviors and physiological responses

The effects of drivers’ engagement in cognitive tasks (i.e., non-visual, cognitively loading activities unrelated to the task of driving) are debated and unclear. Numerous experiments show impaired driver behaviors, yet naturalistic studies typically do

Macroscale Modelling of 3D-Woven Composites: Inelasticity, Progressive Damage and Final Failure

Composites with 3D-woven reinforcement have been slowly making their way into different industrial applications. The interlacement of yarns, not only in-plane but also through-thickness, means that in many applications 3D-woven composites can outperform

A Holistic Safety Benefit Assessment Framework for Heavy Goods Vehicles

In 2019, more than one million crashes occurred on European roads, resulting in almost 23,000 traffic fatalities. Although heavy goods vehicles (HGVs) were only involved in 4.4% of these crashes, their proportion in crashes with fatal outcomes was almost

The driver response process in assisted and automated driving

Background: Safe assisted and automated driving can be achieved through a detailed understanding of the driver response process (the timing and quality of driver actions and visual behavior) triggered by an event such as a take-over request or a safety

Occupant Neck Muscle Modelling in Rear-End Crashes

The ultimate goal of the present research is to incorporate active and passive neck muscle effects in a female Finite Element (FE) Human Body Model (HBM). The application of interest is Whiplash Associated Disorders (WAD), which can occur in a low-speed

On Statistical Methods for Safety Validation of Automated Vehicles

Automated vehicles (AVs) are expected to bring safer and more convenient transport in the future. Consequently, before introducing AVs at scale to the general public, the required levels of safety should be shown with evidence. However, statistical

3-D rate dependent micromechanical model for polymer composites

Fibre reinforced polymeric composites are in high demand in automotive and aviation industries to improve fuel efficiency. However, the dynamic behaviour of composites is not very well understood. Furthermore, dynamic loading together with the anisotropic

Open source code for cycling in the simulator

Developing a Virtual Reality Bicycle Simulator in Unity for Traffic Safety Research Integration

This thesis focuses on the development and utilization of a virtual reality bicycle simulator for the purposes of traffic safety research. The bicycle simulator is developed using a virtual reality head mounted display (HMD) and commercially available

Final Project Report (Swedish)

This project has studied how virtual reality (VR) can be used to study the communication between self-driving vehicles and cyclists from the cyclist's perspective. In the project, a bicycle simulator for implementation into VR has been developed, and an

A data–information–knowledge cycle for modeling driving behavior

When talking about automation, “autonomous vehicles”, often abbreviated as AVs, come to mind. In transitioning from the “driver” mode to the different automation levels, there is an inevitable need for modeling driving behavior. This often happens through

Public Report HAVOC Heavy Vehicle Operation Centre

Detecting Driver Sleepiness Using Consumer Wearable Devices in Manual and Partial Automated Real-Road Driving

Driver sleepiness constitutes a well-known traffic safety risk. With the introduction of automated driving systems, the chance of getting sleepy and even falling asleep at wheel could increase further. Conventional sleepiness detection methods based on

Detecting driver fatigue using heart rate variability: a systematic review

Driver fatigue detection systems have potential to improve road safety by preventing crashes and saving lives. Conventional driver monitoring systems based on driving performance and facial features may be challenged by the application of automated driving

Field evaluation of using Polar H10 sensor to measure heart rate variability for driver state monitoring

Physiological measurements have potential to complement conventional driver monitoring systems based on driving performance and facial features. Heart rate variability (HRV), a physiological marker reflecting changes of the cardiac sympathetic and

Heart rate variability as an indicator for driver fatigue, different effects of time of day and time-on-task.

Heart rate variability (HRV) has been considered as a potential physiological marker for driver fatigue. However, consensus has not been reached for how HRV changes during the development of fatigue, due to inconsistent results in the literature. One

Uncertainty Aware Data Driven Precautionary Safety for Automated Driving Systems Considering Perception Failures and Event Exposure

Ensuring safety is arguably one of the largest remaining challenges before wide-spread market adoption of Automated Driving Systems (ADSs). One central aspect is how to provide evidence for the fulfilment of the safety claims and, in particular, how to

Investigating the Need for Explicit Communication of Non-Yielding Intent through eHMIs in AV-Pedestrian Interaction

External human-machine interfaces (eHMIs) support automated vehicles (AVs) in interacting with vulnerable road users such as pedestrians. eHMI research has mostly dealt with investigating the communication an AV’s yielding intent, but there is little

Passenger kinematics variance in different vehicle manoeuvres – biomechanical response corridors based on principal component analysis

This study explores the influence of occupant characteristics and belt type on occupant kinematics in evasive manoeuvres and provides models for construction of response corridors. Data originated from evasive manoeuvres with male and female volunteers.

Human body model muscle activation influence on crash response

Whole-Sequence simulations consisting of a pre-crash manoeuvre and a crash scenario were carried out to investigate the effect of muscle activation on Human Body Model (HBM) kinematics and injury predictions during crash. A full factorial combination of

Active human body model simulations of whole-sequence braking and far-side side impact configurations whole-sequence far-side impact simulations

Vehicle crashes may be preceded by evasive manoeuvres, executed by the driver or automatically. This study demonstrates a seamless simulation with an Active Human Body Model (HBM) as driver in a whole-sequence crash scenario, consisting of a braking

Applicability of using machine learning to improve computational efficiency of combined pre-crash and crash simulations

Vehicle occupant safety is commonly evaluated in dynamic finite element simulations. Common finite element occupant models are human body models (HBM), active human body models (AHBM), and dummy models in pre-crash and crash simulations are time-consuming

Influence of support leg for booster seats

Protection of Children in Cars Conference, December 2022 A Safety Framework for the Evolution of Boosters: Current and Future Mobility

Analysis of Child Belt Fit and Posture on a Selection of Belt-Positioning Boosters from the US and Swedish Markets

Simulating the Influence of Lap-belt Load Limiting on Injury Risks for Upright and Reclined Occupants with the SAFER Human Body Model

Effects of restraint parameters using PIPER 6y in reclined seating during frontal impact

This study explores possible challenges for child occupants in reclined seating positions, applying current protection systems. Using PIPER 6 y in frontal impacts, the aim was to investigate the effect of restraint parameters in reclined seating positions

Influence of Individual Ribcage Shape Variability on Occupant Rib Fracture Risk

Human body models (HBMs) offer the potential to predict injury risk across broad populations. Adapting baseline HBM geometry to different body shapes, however, is often done using statistical shape models based on age, sex, height and weight, which

Load-limiting in the lap belt reduces injury risks associated with new seating positions

The two objectives are to demonstrate technical feasibility for an advanced 3-point seatbelt system incorporating double lap belt pre-tensioning and load-limiting and to evaluate its injury risk reduction relative to that of a 3-point seatbelt without

Reducing Lumbar Spine Vertebra Fracture Risk With an Adaptive Seat Track Load Limiter

In future fully automated vehicles, sleeping or resting will be desirable during a drive. While a horizontal position currently appears infeasible, a relaxed seating position with a reclined seatback and an inclined seat pan which enables a safe

Experimental Setup for Assessing Drivers’ Experiences of Reclined Sitting Posture in Automated Vehicles

Highly automated vehicles are opening new opportunities for alternative sitting postures, such as the reclined posture, when drivers disengage from conventional driving tasks. This paper presents an experimental setup to assess drivers’ experiences of the

Automated quantification of occupant posture and shoulder belt fit using safety specific key points

Virtual evaluation of automotive safety with variation in occupant posture and shoulder belt fit is gaining importance, and there is a need of methods facilitating analysis of occupant postures in driving studies. This study is aimed to develop an AI-based

Applicability of Graph Neural Networks to predict Human variability in Human Body Model Rib Strain Predictions

Finite element human body models have in recent years become widely used in the area of vehicle safety evaluations. They make it possible to predict injury risk in specific areas, down to the organ level in the human body. An existing human body model

Emergency Braking With ACC: How Much Does V2V Communication Help?

This letter provides a safety analysis for emergency braking scenarios involving consecutive vehicles. The vehicles use adaptive cruise control (ACC) with a constant-distance policy together with additional vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication for

Towards a Complete Safety Framework for Longitudinal Driving

Formal models for the safety validation of autonomous vehicles have become increasingly important. To this end, we present a safety framework for longitudinal automated driving. This framework allows calculating minimum safe inter-vehicular distances for

A Survey on Remote Operation of Road Vehicles

In recent years, the use of remote operation has been proposed as a bridge towards driverless mobility by providing human assistance remotely when an automated driving system finds a situation that is ambiguous and requires input from a remote operator

Propelled and steered converter dolly for improved shunting of semi- trailers at goods terminals

Distribution of semi-trailers from goods distribution terminals to customer loading docks are carried out by human drivers. Goods are transported to these distribution centers longer and heavier vehicles (LHV). These truck-trailer combinations need to be

Over 60,000 km in a year: remotely collecting large-volume high-quality data from a logistics truck

After the first successful large-scale demonstration of eleven self-driving vehicles at the DARPA Urban Challenge in 2007, research results from the competing teams found their way into advanced driver systems (ADAS) that support typical driving tasks like

Behavioral adaptation of drivers when driving among automated vehicles

This paper aims to explore whether drivers would adapt their behavior when they drive among automated vehicles (AVs) compared to driving among manually driven vehicles (MVs).Understanding behavioral adaptation of drivers when they encounter AVs is crucial

Challenges and potential business applications of Automated Delivery Vehicle initiatives - a brief overview

This report addresses some of the driving forces behind the development of Automated Delivery Vehicles, (ADV), e.g. increased urbanization, increased e-commerce, demands for efficient transport and the demands to meet climate goals, national as well as

Automated delivery vehicles - what kind of vehicles are they and does it matter?, RISE report 2022:100

Autonomous delivery vehicles – what kind of vehicles are they and does it matter? The project GLAD – Goods deliveries during the last mile of self-driving vehicles explores how tomorrow's small autonomous delivery vehicles (ADV) could operate in the

People’s understanding of external HMI and their experiences of interacting with an Automated Delivery Vehicle in a terminal context, RISE report 2022:133

This study investigated how the participants in a scenario of a terminal for goods handling perceived to interact with an automated delivery vehicle (ADV) for loading/unloading and how they understood the external Human Machine Interfaces (eHMI), i.e

Development of self-driving and control room functions and of external HMI for Automated Delivery Vehicles, RISE report 2022:132

Road users may need additional information to a vehicle’s speed and position in lane to understand the behavior and intentions of self-driving vehicles, such as external Human Machine Interface (eHMI), i.e. visual signals (lights) indicating the vehicle's

Typical and critical traffic situations with small electric delivery vehicles – indications for future automated delivery vehicles, RISE report 2022:130

This study investigated what typical traffic situations drivers of small manual delivery vehicles (MDV) are facing during their daily routes and how they handle these, sometimes critical, traffic situations. The purpose was to get an understanding of what

Use cases and high-level requirements for safe interactions between Automated Delivery Vehicles and human operators in a terminal, RISE report 2022:131

Small electric Autonomous Delivery Vehicles (ADV) can play an important role in future logistic chains under the last mile deliveries. In terminals where ADV are loaded with goods it is important that the interactions between the ADVS and the goods

GLAD, Goods deliveries under the last mile with automated delivery vehicles - Summaries of the studies in the GLAD project, RISE report 2022:135

This is a summary of the studies that were carried out in the GLAD project (GLAD: Goods deliveries under the last mile with automated delivery vehicles). GLAD was a research and development project with the overall aim to gain knowledge about user needs as